Antiviral Activity
Used in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in combination with at least two additional antiretroviral agents
Active against susceptible HIV strains
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to stavudine or to any of its components
HIV-infected mothers should not breast-feed in order to avoid transmission to a non-infected newborn
Do not use in the presence of bone marrow depression
Use caution in the presence of impaired liver/renal function
Use caution in the presence of peripheral Neuropathy, lactic acidosis/severe hepatomegaly with Steatosis
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits viral DNA synthesis by causing DNA chain termination because stavudine lacks the 3'-hydroxyl group necessary for DNA elongation
Also inhibits cellular DNA polymerase beta and gamma, and markedly reduces the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
Not elucidated yet in humans
Half-life:
1.25 hours
Elimination:
Renal (40%)
Dosage
Children :
< 30 kg of body weight:
1 mg/kg PO q12h
30-60 kg of body weight:
30 mg PO bid
Adults:
< 60 kg of body weight:
30 mg PO bid
³ 60 kg of body weight:
40 mg PO bid
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
10-25: 20 mg PO q24h (15 mg if less then 60 kg)
26-50: 20 mg PO q12h (15 mg if less then 60 kg)
>50: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: 20 mg q24h (³60 kg) or 15 mg q24h (<60 kg)
CAPD: N/A
Showing posts with label pharmacy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label pharmacy. Show all posts
Monday, November 28, 2011
CYCLOSERINE
Antibacterial activity
Used in combination with other antituberculosis medications in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis after failure with the primary medications (isoniazid, aminosalicylic acid, streptomycin, ethambutol, and rifampin) or when these cannot be used because of toxicity or development of resistant tubercle bacilli
Also used in the treatment of atypical mycobacterial infections, such as Mycobacterium avium complex
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class C
Contraindication/Precaution
Do not use in the presence of:
hypersensitivity to cycloserine or any component
epilepsy
depression
severe anxiety, or psychosis
sever renal insufficiency
excessive concurrent use of alcohol
Do not use if nursing
Safety of the use of cycloserine in infants and children has not been established.
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by competing with amino acid (D-alanine) for incorporation into the bacterial cell wall; bacteriostatic or bactericidal
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: liver
Half-life: 10 hours, changes with renal function
Elimination: excreted in urine and some in feces
Dosage
Children: (max 1000 mg/day)
Safety of the use of capreomycin sulfate in infants and children has not been established.
But 10-20 mg/kg/day PO div bid for 18-24 months have been used
Adults: (max 1000 mg/day)
250 mg PO q12h for 14 days then
0.5-1 g/day div bid for 18-24 months
always administered in combination with at least 1 other antituberculosis agent
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
<10: give q36-48h 10-50: give q24h >50: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
Used in combination with other antituberculosis medications in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis after failure with the primary medications (isoniazid, aminosalicylic acid, streptomycin, ethambutol, and rifampin) or when these cannot be used because of toxicity or development of resistant tubercle bacilli
Also used in the treatment of atypical mycobacterial infections, such as Mycobacterium avium complex
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class C
Contraindication/Precaution
Do not use in the presence of:
hypersensitivity to cycloserine or any component
epilepsy
depression
severe anxiety, or psychosis
sever renal insufficiency
excessive concurrent use of alcohol
Do not use if nursing
Safety of the use of cycloserine in infants and children has not been established.
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by competing with amino acid (D-alanine) for incorporation into the bacterial cell wall; bacteriostatic or bactericidal
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: liver
Half-life: 10 hours, changes with renal function
Elimination: excreted in urine and some in feces
Dosage
Children: (max 1000 mg/day)
Safety of the use of capreomycin sulfate in infants and children has not been established.
But 10-20 mg/kg/day PO div bid for 18-24 months have been used
Adults: (max 1000 mg/day)
250 mg PO q12h for 14 days then
0.5-1 g/day div bid for 18-24 months
always administered in combination with at least 1 other antituberculosis agent
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
<10: give q36-48h 10-50: give q24h >50: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
PENICILLIN G
Antibacterial Activity
Effective against gram-positive cocci
Effective against most anaerobe
Not effective against gram-negative aerobe or b-lactamase producing organisms
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to penicillin G or any penicillins or any component
Use caution with patient who are allergic to cephalosporin, they could have an hypersensibility to penicillins
Use caution if seizure disorder
Use caution if impaired renal function or other nephrotoxic agents are used
Mechanism of Action
Selective inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis, by binding to penicillins binding proteins (PBP'S)
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
liver (partially)
Half-life:
0.5 hour, change with renal function.
Elimination:
excreted in urine
Dosage
Children:
Body weight < 2000 g 0-7 days old: 50000 u IV q12h 8-28 days old: 75000 u IV q8h Body weight > 2000 g
0-7 days old: 50000 u IV q8h
8-28 days old: 50000 u IV q6h
> 28 days old: 50000 u IV q6h
Adults:
0.5-4 million u IV q4h
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
10: give 20-50% of normal dose
10-50: give 75% of normal dose
50-80: unchanged
>80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: after dialysis: give 20-50% of normal dose
CAPD: give 20-50% of normal dose
Effective against gram-positive cocci
Effective against most anaerobe
Not effective against gram-negative aerobe or b-lactamase producing organisms
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to penicillin G or any penicillins or any component
Use caution with patient who are allergic to cephalosporin, they could have an hypersensibility to penicillins
Use caution if seizure disorder
Use caution if impaired renal function or other nephrotoxic agents are used
Mechanism of Action
Selective inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis, by binding to penicillins binding proteins (PBP'S)
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
liver (partially)
Half-life:
0.5 hour, change with renal function.
Elimination:
excreted in urine
Dosage
Children:
Body weight < 2000 g 0-7 days old: 50000 u IV q12h 8-28 days old: 75000 u IV q8h Body weight > 2000 g
0-7 days old: 50000 u IV q8h
8-28 days old: 50000 u IV q6h
> 28 days old: 50000 u IV q6h
Adults:
0.5-4 million u IV q4h
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
10: give 20-50% of normal dose
10-50: give 75% of normal dose
50-80: unchanged
>80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: after dialysis: give 20-50% of normal dose
CAPD: give 20-50% of normal dose
CROTAMITON
Antibacterial Activity
Use for the eradication of scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei) and for symptomatic treatment of pruritic skin
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to crotamiton or any component
Do not used on inflamed or raw skin
Avoid contact with face, eyes, mucous membranes, and urethral meatus
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of action unknown
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
N/A
Half-life:
N/A
Elimination:
N/A
Dosage
Children and Adults:
Scabicide:
apply from chin to toes qd for 2 days, bathe 48h after last application
Pruritus:
apply to affected area prn
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
N/A
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
Use for the eradication of scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei) and for symptomatic treatment of pruritic skin
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to crotamiton or any component
Do not used on inflamed or raw skin
Avoid contact with face, eyes, mucous membranes, and urethral meatus
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of action unknown
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
N/A
Half-life:
N/A
Elimination:
N/A
Dosage
Children and Adults:
Scabicide:
apply from chin to toes qd for 2 days, bathe 48h after last application
Pruritus:
apply to affected area prn
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
N/A
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
CLOXACILLIN
Antibacterial Activity
Effective against Gram-positive cocci including the b-lactamase producers
Effective against some streptococci
Not effective against gram-negative & anaerobes
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to cloxacillin or any penicillins or any component
Use caution with patient who are allergic to cephalosporin, they could have an hypersensibility to penicillins
Use caution if impaired liver/renal function
Mechanism of Action
Selective inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis, by inhibiting to penicillins binding proteins (PBP'S)
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
Partially by the kidney
Half-life:
0.5-1.5 hours, change with renal/hepatic function.
Elimination:
mostly excreted in urine, and some in feces
Dosage
Children: (max 4g/day)
> 28 days old: 50-100 mg/kg/d IV/PO div qid
Adults:
250-500 mg q6h IV/PO
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
10: unchanged
10-50: unchanged
50-80: unchanged
>80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
Effective against Gram-positive cocci including the b-lactamase producers
Effective against some streptococci
Not effective against gram-negative & anaerobes
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to cloxacillin or any penicillins or any component
Use caution with patient who are allergic to cephalosporin, they could have an hypersensibility to penicillins
Use caution if impaired liver/renal function
Mechanism of Action
Selective inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis, by inhibiting to penicillins binding proteins (PBP'S)
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
Partially by the kidney
Half-life:
0.5-1.5 hours, change with renal/hepatic function.
Elimination:
mostly excreted in urine, and some in feces
Dosage
Children: (max 4g/day)
> 28 days old: 50-100 mg/kg/d IV/PO div qid
Adults:
250-500 mg q6h IV/PO
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
10: unchanged
10-50: unchanged
50-80: unchanged
>80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
CLOTRIMAZOLE
Antifungal activity
Effective treatment for topical candidiasis, Tinea corporis/cruris/pedis/versicolor
Active against Candida sp., tinea versicolor due to Malassezia furfur, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum canis.
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to clotrimazole , or any component
Only for topical use (not ophthalmic)
Use caution if nursing mother
Safety and effectiveness of clotrimazole lozenges (troches) in children <3 years of age have not been established Mechanism of Action Binds to phospholipids in the fungal cell membrane altering cell wall permeability resulting in loss of essential intracellular elements Pharmacodynamics Metabolism: N/A Half-life: N/A Elimination: excreted in urine and feces Dosage Topical 1% cream/lotion/solution Children and Adults: Cover affected and immediately surrounding skin Tinea multiple forms: apply bid Candidiasis cutaneous: apply bid Oral (Troches) Children > 3 years and adults:
TX: 10 mg PO 5x/day for 14 days
Prophylaxis: 10 mg PO 3x/day
Vaginal:
Children >12 years and Adults:
cream: apply intra-vaginaly qhs for 7 days
vaginal suppository: 100 mg/day for 7 days or 500 mg single dose
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
N/A
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
Effective treatment for topical candidiasis, Tinea corporis/cruris/pedis/versicolor
Active against Candida sp., tinea versicolor due to Malassezia furfur, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum canis.
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to clotrimazole , or any component
Only for topical use (not ophthalmic)
Use caution if nursing mother
Safety and effectiveness of clotrimazole lozenges (troches) in children <3 years of age have not been established Mechanism of Action Binds to phospholipids in the fungal cell membrane altering cell wall permeability resulting in loss of essential intracellular elements Pharmacodynamics Metabolism: N/A Half-life: N/A Elimination: excreted in urine and feces Dosage Topical 1% cream/lotion/solution Children and Adults: Cover affected and immediately surrounding skin Tinea multiple forms: apply bid Candidiasis cutaneous: apply bid Oral (Troches) Children > 3 years and adults:
TX: 10 mg PO 5x/day for 14 days
Prophylaxis: 10 mg PO 3x/day
Vaginal:
Children >12 years and Adults:
cream: apply intra-vaginaly qhs for 7 days
vaginal suppository: 100 mg/day for 7 days or 500 mg single dose
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
N/A
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
CLOFAZIMINE
Antibacterial Activity
Used in the treatment of dapsone-resistant leprosy, multibacillary dapsone-sensitive leprosy, erythema nodosum leprosum and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infections
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to clofazimine or any component
Use with caution in patients with GI problems
Use with caution if nursing
Dosages of clofazimine of more than 100 mg daily should be given for as short a period as possible and only under close medical supervision
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established
Mechanism of Action
Binds preferentially to mycobacterial DNA to inhibit mycobacterial growth; also has some anti-inflammatory activity through an unknown mechanism
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
liver, partially
Half-life:
terminal: 8 days
in tissue: 70 days
Elimination:
excreted in feces
Dosage
Children:
Treatment of leprosy:
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established
Several cases of children treated with clofazimine have been reported in the literature.
1 mg/kg PO qd in combination with dapsone and rifampin
Adults:
Dapsone-resistant leprosy:
100 mg PO qd in combination with one or more antileprosy drugs for 36 months then
100 mg PO qd as single drug
Dapsone-sensitive multibacillary leprosy:
100 mg PO qd in combination with two or more antileprosy drugs for at least 24 months and continue until negative skin smears are obtained, then institute single drug therapy with appropriate agent
Erythema nodosum leprosum:
100-200 mg PO qd for up to 3 months or longer then
taper dose to 100 mg PO qd
Pyoderma gangrenosum:
300-400 mg PO qd for up to 12 months
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
N/A
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
Used in the treatment of dapsone-resistant leprosy, multibacillary dapsone-sensitive leprosy, erythema nodosum leprosum and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infections
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to clofazimine or any component
Use with caution in patients with GI problems
Use with caution if nursing
Dosages of clofazimine of more than 100 mg daily should be given for as short a period as possible and only under close medical supervision
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established
Mechanism of Action
Binds preferentially to mycobacterial DNA to inhibit mycobacterial growth; also has some anti-inflammatory activity through an unknown mechanism
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
liver, partially
Half-life:
terminal: 8 days
in tissue: 70 days
Elimination:
excreted in feces
Dosage
Children:
Treatment of leprosy:
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established
Several cases of children treated with clofazimine have been reported in the literature.
1 mg/kg PO qd in combination with dapsone and rifampin
Adults:
Dapsone-resistant leprosy:
100 mg PO qd in combination with one or more antileprosy drugs for 36 months then
100 mg PO qd as single drug
Dapsone-sensitive multibacillary leprosy:
100 mg PO qd in combination with two or more antileprosy drugs for at least 24 months and continue until negative skin smears are obtained, then institute single drug therapy with appropriate agent
Erythema nodosum leprosum:
100-200 mg PO qd for up to 3 months or longer then
taper dose to 100 mg PO qd
Pyoderma gangrenosum:
300-400 mg PO qd for up to 12 months
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
N/A
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
IODOCHLORHYDROXYQUIN/CLIOQUINOL
Antibacterial activity
Used in the topical treatment of tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and skin infections caused by dermatophytic fungi (ringworm)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class C
Contraindication/Precaution
Do not use if hypersensitivity to clioquinol or any component
Mechanism of Action
Chelates bacterial surface and trace metals needed for bacterial growth
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: N/A
Half-life: 11-14 hours
Elimination: excreted in urine
Dosage
Children and Adults:
Apply to skin bid-tid; do not use for longer than 7 days
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
N/A
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
Used in the topical treatment of tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and skin infections caused by dermatophytic fungi (ringworm)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class C
Contraindication/Precaution
Do not use if hypersensitivity to clioquinol or any component
Mechanism of Action
Chelates bacterial surface and trace metals needed for bacterial growth
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: N/A
Half-life: 11-14 hours
Elimination: excreted in urine
Dosage
Children and Adults:
Apply to skin bid-tid; do not use for longer than 7 days
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
N/A
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
CLINDAMYCIN
Antibacterial Activity
Cover gram-positives and most anaerobes
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to clindamycin or any component
Can cause pseudomembranous colitis and reversible liver enzyme elevation, do not give if previous pseudomembranous colitis or hepatic impairment
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits protein synthesis by reversibly binding to 50S ribosomal subunits
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
liver
Half-life:
1.6-5.3 hours, average: 2-3 hours
Elimination:
others or unknown
Dosage
Children: IV
Body weight < 2000 g 0-7 days old: 5 mg/kg IV q12h 8-28 days old: 5 mg/kg IV q8h Body weight > 2000 g
0-7 days old: 5 mg/kg IV q8h
8-28 days old: 5 mg/kg IV q6h
> 28 days old: 7.5 mg/kg IV q6h or 5-6 mg/kg PO q8h
Adults:
PO: 150-300 mg q6h
IV: 300-900 mg q6-8h (max 2.7 g DIE)
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
<10: unchanged 10-50: unchanged 50-80: unchanged >80: unchanged
Cover gram-positives and most anaerobes
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to clindamycin or any component
Can cause pseudomembranous colitis and reversible liver enzyme elevation, do not give if previous pseudomembranous colitis or hepatic impairment
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits protein synthesis by reversibly binding to 50S ribosomal subunits
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
liver
Half-life:
1.6-5.3 hours, average: 2-3 hours
Elimination:
others or unknown
Dosage
Children: IV
Body weight < 2000 g 0-7 days old: 5 mg/kg IV q12h 8-28 days old: 5 mg/kg IV q8h Body weight > 2000 g
0-7 days old: 5 mg/kg IV q8h
8-28 days old: 5 mg/kg IV q6h
> 28 days old: 7.5 mg/kg IV q6h or 5-6 mg/kg PO q8h
Adults:
PO: 150-300 mg q6h
IV: 300-900 mg q6-8h (max 2.7 g DIE)
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
<10: unchanged 10-50: unchanged 50-80: unchanged >80: unchanged
CLARITHROMYCIN
Antibacterial Activity
Effective against bacteria lacking cell wall (eg. mycoplasma, legionella, chlamydia)
Effective against gram-positive aerobes
Effective against gram-negative aerobes except: campylobacter, pasteurella and some H. influenza
Poor anaerobic coverage
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to clarithromycin or macrolides or any component
Not to used be if concomitant cisapride, terfenadine or astemizole usage
Use caution if impaired liver/renal function
Mechanism of Action
Prevents translocation of polypeptide chain by binding to the P site of the ribosomal 50s subunit
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
liver
Half-life:
5-7 hours, changes with renal function.
Elimination:
mostly excreted in feces (bile), and some in uurine
Dosage
Children:
> 28 days old: 7.5 mg/kg PO q12h (max 1 g/d)
Adults:
PO: 250-500 mg q12h
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
<10: give 50-75% of usual dose 10-50: give 75% of usual dose 50-80: unchanged >80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: dose post-dialysis: 75% of usual dose x1
CAPD: none
Effective against bacteria lacking cell wall (eg. mycoplasma, legionella, chlamydia)
Effective against gram-positive aerobes
Effective against gram-negative aerobes except: campylobacter, pasteurella and some H. influenza
Poor anaerobic coverage
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to clarithromycin or macrolides or any component
Not to used be if concomitant cisapride, terfenadine or astemizole usage
Use caution if impaired liver/renal function
Mechanism of Action
Prevents translocation of polypeptide chain by binding to the P site of the ribosomal 50s subunit
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
liver
Half-life:
5-7 hours, changes with renal function.
Elimination:
mostly excreted in feces (bile), and some in uurine
Dosage
Children:
> 28 days old: 7.5 mg/kg PO q12h (max 1 g/d)
Adults:
PO: 250-500 mg q12h
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
<10: give 50-75% of usual dose 10-50: give 75% of usual dose 50-80: unchanged >80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: dose post-dialysis: 75% of usual dose x1
CAPD: none
CIPROFLOXACIN
Antibacterial activity
Enteric gram-negative bacilli.
Limited gram-positive coverage.
No anaerobic coverage.
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin, other quinolones or any component
Do not use if pregnancy/lactating patient
Use caution if CNS/seizure disorder
Mechanism of Action
Prevents supercoiling of nucleic acids of bacteria.
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: Partially metabolized in the liver.
Half-life: 4 hours.
Elimination: 50% renal, 40% biliary.
Dosage
Children: (with exception of Cystic Fibrosis, not approved under 18 years old)
> 28 days old: 20-30 mg/kg/d PO div bid (max 1.5 g/d)
Adults:
PO: 250-750 mg q12h
IV: 200-400 mg q8-12h
Ophthalmic:
Children/adults:
1-2 drops q2h while awake for 2 days then
1-2 drops q4h while awake for 5 days
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance: ml/min
<10: q24h 10-50: PO: 250-500 mg q12h; IV: q12-24h 50-80: unchanged >80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: 50% of normal dose q12h
CAPD: 50% of normal dose q8h
Enteric gram-negative bacilli.
Limited gram-positive coverage.
No anaerobic coverage.
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin, other quinolones or any component
Do not use if pregnancy/lactating patient
Use caution if CNS/seizure disorder
Mechanism of Action
Prevents supercoiling of nucleic acids of bacteria.
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: Partially metabolized in the liver.
Half-life: 4 hours.
Elimination: 50% renal, 40% biliary.
Dosage
Children: (with exception of Cystic Fibrosis, not approved under 18 years old)
> 28 days old: 20-30 mg/kg/d PO div bid (max 1.5 g/d)
Adults:
PO: 250-750 mg q12h
IV: 200-400 mg q8-12h
Ophthalmic:
Children/adults:
1-2 drops q2h while awake for 2 days then
1-2 drops q4h while awake for 5 days
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance: ml/min
<10: q24h 10-50: PO: 250-500 mg q12h; IV: q12-24h 50-80: unchanged >80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: 50% of normal dose q12h
CAPD: 50% of normal dose q8h
CINOXACIN
Antibacterial activity
Enteric gram-negative bacilli.
Limited gram-positive coverage.
No anaerobic coverage.
Has less intrinsic bactericidal activities compare to other quinolones
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to cinoxacin, other quinolones or any component
Do not use if pregnancy/lactating patient
Use caution if CNS/seizure disorder
Not recommended in children <18 years of age. Mechanism of Action Prevents supercoiling of nucleic acids of bacteria. Pharmacodynamics Metabolism: Partially metabolized in the liver. Half-life: 1.5 hours, changes with renal function Elimination: renal Dosage Children: not approved under 18 years old Adults: 250 mg PO q6h or 500 mg PO q12h (qd for prophylaxis) Dose VS renal function Cr. clearance: ml/min <10: 250 PO q24h (do not use if anuria) 10-50: 250 PO q12-24h 50-80: 250 mg PO q8h >80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: post dialysis dose of 50% normal dose q12h
CAPD: 50% of normal dose q8h
Enteric gram-negative bacilli.
Limited gram-positive coverage.
No anaerobic coverage.
Has less intrinsic bactericidal activities compare to other quinolones
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to cinoxacin, other quinolones or any component
Do not use if pregnancy/lactating patient
Use caution if CNS/seizure disorder
Not recommended in children <18 years of age. Mechanism of Action Prevents supercoiling of nucleic acids of bacteria. Pharmacodynamics Metabolism: Partially metabolized in the liver. Half-life: 1.5 hours, changes with renal function Elimination: renal Dosage Children: not approved under 18 years old Adults: 250 mg PO q6h or 500 mg PO q12h (qd for prophylaxis) Dose VS renal function Cr. clearance: ml/min <10: 250 PO q24h (do not use if anuria) 10-50: 250 PO q12-24h 50-80: 250 mg PO q8h >80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: post dialysis dose of 50% normal dose q12h
CAPD: 50% of normal dose q8h
Saturday, November 19, 2011
CIDOFOVIR
Antibacterial activity
Active against CMV
Active against others herpes viruses (but not approved for their Tx)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class C
Contraindication/Precaution
Cidofovir is indicated for the treatment of CMV retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) only
IV prehydratation and administration of probenecid MUST be used with each cidofovir infusion
Hypersensitivity to cidofovir, or any component
Do not use with nursing mothers
Must monitor renal function and adjust dosage accordingly
Monitor neutrophil counts, could cause granulocytopenia
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been studied.
Use caution if renal dysfunction or if other nephrotoxic agents present
Mechanism of Action
Suppresses CMV replication by selective inhibition of viral DNA synthesis.
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: N/A
Half-life: ~3 hours, changes with renal function
Elimination: excreted in urine
Dosage
Cidofovir is indicated for the treatment of CMV retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) only
IV prehydratation and administration of probenecid MUST be used with each cidofovir infusion
Children and Adults:
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been studied.
Administration to children should be undertaken only after careful evaluation and only if the potential benefits of treatment outweigh the risks.
Administer with probenecid - 2 g PO 3 hours prior to each cidofovir dose and 1 g at 2 and 8 hours after completion of the infusion (total: 4 g)
Induction:
(5 mg/kg IV (administer over 1 hrs) qwk with probenecid) for 2 weeks
Maintenance:
5 mg/kg IV (administer over 1 hrs) q2wks with probenecid
Dose VS renal function
Induction, Cr. clearance (ml/min) :
<19: 0.5 mg/kg IV qwk 20-29: 1 mg/kg IV qwk 30-40: 1.5 mg/kg IV qwk 41-55: 2 mg/kg IV qwk >55: unchanged
Maintenance, Cr. clearance (ml/min) :
<19: 0.5 mg/kg IV q2wk 20-29: 1 mg/kg IV q2wk 30-40: 1.5 mg/kg IV q2wk 41-55: 2 mg/kg IV q2wk >55: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
Active against CMV
Active against others herpes viruses (but not approved for their Tx)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class C
Contraindication/Precaution
Cidofovir is indicated for the treatment of CMV retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) only
IV prehydratation and administration of probenecid MUST be used with each cidofovir infusion
Hypersensitivity to cidofovir, or any component
Do not use with nursing mothers
Must monitor renal function and adjust dosage accordingly
Monitor neutrophil counts, could cause granulocytopenia
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been studied.
Use caution if renal dysfunction or if other nephrotoxic agents present
Mechanism of Action
Suppresses CMV replication by selective inhibition of viral DNA synthesis.
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: N/A
Half-life: ~3 hours, changes with renal function
Elimination: excreted in urine
Dosage
Cidofovir is indicated for the treatment of CMV retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) only
IV prehydratation and administration of probenecid MUST be used with each cidofovir infusion
Children and Adults:
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been studied.
Administration to children should be undertaken only after careful evaluation and only if the potential benefits of treatment outweigh the risks.
Administer with probenecid - 2 g PO 3 hours prior to each cidofovir dose and 1 g at 2 and 8 hours after completion of the infusion (total: 4 g)
Induction:
(5 mg/kg IV (administer over 1 hrs) qwk with probenecid) for 2 weeks
Maintenance:
5 mg/kg IV (administer over 1 hrs) q2wks with probenecid
Dose VS renal function
Induction, Cr. clearance (ml/min) :
<19: 0.5 mg/kg IV qwk 20-29: 1 mg/kg IV qwk 30-40: 1.5 mg/kg IV qwk 41-55: 2 mg/kg IV qwk >55: unchanged
Maintenance, Cr. clearance (ml/min) :
<19: 0.5 mg/kg IV q2wk 20-29: 1 mg/kg IV q2wk 30-40: 1.5 mg/kg IV q2wk 41-55: 2 mg/kg IV q2wk >55: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
PRIMAQUINE + CHLOROQUINE
Antibacterial activity
Used for prophylaxis of malaria, regardless of species, in all areas where the disease is endemic
Primaquine: effective against Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale and the gametocyte of P. falciparum
Chloroquine: effective against Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and most strains of Plasmodium falciparum (but not the gametocytes of P. falciparum) and also has amebicidal activity (ex. Entamoeba histolytica)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to primaquine, chloroquine or any component
Do not use concomitantly with quinacrine
Do not use in the presence of retinal or visual field changes, follow visual acuity
Do not use in the presence of porphyria
Do not use if bone marrow depression/suppression
Do not use with nursing mothers
Use caution if G-6-PD deficiency
Use caution if impaired liver function or liver disease
Use caution if GI disorders
Use caution in the presence of psoriasis
Use caution if NADH methemoglobin reductase deficiency
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established, however, no pediatrics-specific problems have been documented to date
Mechanism of Action
Primaquine: eliminates the primary tissue exoerythrocytic forms of P. falciparum; disrupts mitochondria and binds to DNA
Chloroquine: not completely understood: binds to and inhibits DNA and RNA polymerase
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: liver
Half-life:
primaquine 3.7-7.4 hours
chloroquine: 3-5 days
Elimination: excreted in urine
Dosage
Note: 15 mg primaquine base = 26.3 mg primaquine phosphate
Note: 150 mg chloroquine base = 250 mg chloroquine phosphate
Start at least 1 day before entering the endemic area; continue for 8 weeks after leaving the endemic area
Children (based on weight):
4.5-6.8 kg:
20 mg Chloroquine base + 3 mg primaquine base PO qwk
7.3-11.4 kg:
40 mg Chloroquine base + 6 mg primaquine base PO qwk
11.8-15.9 kg:
60 mg Chloroquine base + 9 mg primaquine base PO qwk
20.9-25 kg:
80 mg Chloroquine base + 12 mg primaquine base PO qwk
16.4-20.5 kg:
100 mg Chloroquine base + 15 mg primaquine base PO qwk
25.4-45.4 kg:
150 mg Chloroquine base + 22.5 mg primaquine base PO qwk
>45.4 kg:
300 mg Chloroquine base + 45 mg primaquine base PO qwk
Adults:
300 mg Chloroquine base + 45 mg primaquine base PO qwk
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
N/A
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
Used for prophylaxis of malaria, regardless of species, in all areas where the disease is endemic
Primaquine: effective against Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale and the gametocyte of P. falciparum
Chloroquine: effective against Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and most strains of Plasmodium falciparum (but not the gametocytes of P. falciparum) and also has amebicidal activity (ex. Entamoeba histolytica)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to primaquine, chloroquine or any component
Do not use concomitantly with quinacrine
Do not use in the presence of retinal or visual field changes, follow visual acuity
Do not use in the presence of porphyria
Do not use if bone marrow depression/suppression
Do not use with nursing mothers
Use caution if G-6-PD deficiency
Use caution if impaired liver function or liver disease
Use caution if GI disorders
Use caution in the presence of psoriasis
Use caution if NADH methemoglobin reductase deficiency
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established, however, no pediatrics-specific problems have been documented to date
Mechanism of Action
Primaquine: eliminates the primary tissue exoerythrocytic forms of P. falciparum; disrupts mitochondria and binds to DNA
Chloroquine: not completely understood: binds to and inhibits DNA and RNA polymerase
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: liver
Half-life:
primaquine 3.7-7.4 hours
chloroquine: 3-5 days
Elimination: excreted in urine
Dosage
Note: 15 mg primaquine base = 26.3 mg primaquine phosphate
Note: 150 mg chloroquine base = 250 mg chloroquine phosphate
Start at least 1 day before entering the endemic area; continue for 8 weeks after leaving the endemic area
Children (based on weight):
4.5-6.8 kg:
20 mg Chloroquine base + 3 mg primaquine base PO qwk
7.3-11.4 kg:
40 mg Chloroquine base + 6 mg primaquine base PO qwk
11.8-15.9 kg:
60 mg Chloroquine base + 9 mg primaquine base PO qwk
20.9-25 kg:
80 mg Chloroquine base + 12 mg primaquine base PO qwk
16.4-20.5 kg:
100 mg Chloroquine base + 15 mg primaquine base PO qwk
25.4-45.4 kg:
150 mg Chloroquine base + 22.5 mg primaquine base PO qwk
>45.4 kg:
300 mg Chloroquine base + 45 mg primaquine base PO qwk
Adults:
300 mg Chloroquine base + 45 mg primaquine base PO qwk
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
N/A
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
CHLOROQUINE
Antibacterial activity
Use for treatment and prophylaxis of malaria and treatment of extra intestinal amebiasis
Effective against Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and most strains of Plasmodium falciparum (but not the gametocytes of P. falciparum) and also has amebicidal activity (ex. Entamoeba histolytica)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to chloroquine phosphate or any component
Do not use in the presence of retinal or visual field changes, follow visual acuity
Do not use in the presence of porphyria
Do not use with nursing mothers
Use caution if impaired liver function or liver disease
Use caution if GI disorders
Use caution in the presence of G-6-PD deficiency
Use caution in the presence of neurologic disease
Use caution in the presence of psoriasis
Mechanism of Action
Not completely understood: binds to and inhibits DNA and RNA polymerase
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: liver. partially
Half-life: 3-5 days
Elimination: ~70% excreted in urine
Dosage
Note: 250 mg chloroquine phosphate=150 mg chloroquine base
Children:
Suppression or prophylaxis of malaria: (max 300 mg base/dose)
begin 1-2 weeks prior to exposure: 5 mg base/kg PO qwk until 4-8 weeks after leaving endemic area
if not begun prior to exposure: 10 mg base/kg PO qwk (in 2 divided doses 6 hours apart) followed by the usual dosage regimen
Malaria treatment: (max 300 mg base/dose)
10 mg base/kg PO on day 1 then
5 mg base/kg PO 6 hours later then
5 mg base/kg PO on day 2 and 3
Amebiasis, extra intestinal: (max 300 mg base/dose)
10 mg base/kg PO qd for 2-3 weeks
Adults:
Suppression or prophylaxis of malaria:
begin 1-2 weeks prior to exposure: 500 mg PO qwk until 4-8 weeks after leaving endemic area
if not begun prior to exposure: 1 g PO qwk (in 2 divided doses 6 hours apart) followed by the usual dosage regimen
Malaria treatment:
1 g PO on day 1 then
500 mg PO 6 hours later then
500 mg PO on day 2 and 3
Amebiasis, extra intestinal:
1 g PO qd for 2 days then
500 mg Po qd for 2-3 weeks
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
<10: Administer 50% of dose >10: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
Use for treatment and prophylaxis of malaria and treatment of extra intestinal amebiasis
Effective against Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and most strains of Plasmodium falciparum (but not the gametocytes of P. falciparum) and also has amebicidal activity (ex. Entamoeba histolytica)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to chloroquine phosphate or any component
Do not use in the presence of retinal or visual field changes, follow visual acuity
Do not use in the presence of porphyria
Do not use with nursing mothers
Use caution if impaired liver function or liver disease
Use caution if GI disorders
Use caution in the presence of G-6-PD deficiency
Use caution in the presence of neurologic disease
Use caution in the presence of psoriasis
Mechanism of Action
Not completely understood: binds to and inhibits DNA and RNA polymerase
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: liver. partially
Half-life: 3-5 days
Elimination: ~70% excreted in urine
Dosage
Note: 250 mg chloroquine phosphate=150 mg chloroquine base
Children:
Suppression or prophylaxis of malaria: (max 300 mg base/dose)
begin 1-2 weeks prior to exposure: 5 mg base/kg PO qwk until 4-8 weeks after leaving endemic area
if not begun prior to exposure: 10 mg base/kg PO qwk (in 2 divided doses 6 hours apart) followed by the usual dosage regimen
Malaria treatment: (max 300 mg base/dose)
10 mg base/kg PO on day 1 then
5 mg base/kg PO 6 hours later then
5 mg base/kg PO on day 2 and 3
Amebiasis, extra intestinal: (max 300 mg base/dose)
10 mg base/kg PO qd for 2-3 weeks
Adults:
Suppression or prophylaxis of malaria:
begin 1-2 weeks prior to exposure: 500 mg PO qwk until 4-8 weeks after leaving endemic area
if not begun prior to exposure: 1 g PO qwk (in 2 divided doses 6 hours apart) followed by the usual dosage regimen
Malaria treatment:
1 g PO on day 1 then
500 mg PO 6 hours later then
500 mg PO on day 2 and 3
Amebiasis, extra intestinal:
1 g PO qd for 2 days then
500 mg Po qd for 2-3 weeks
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
<10: Administer 50% of dose >10: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
CHLORAMPHENICOL
Antibacterial Activity
Active against most of the vancomycin-resistant enteroccoci
Excellent coverage of both gram-positives and gram-negatives
Active against anaerobes
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to chloramphenicol or any component
Use with caution in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function and in neonates
Use with caution in patients with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Can cause reversible or irreversible bone marrow depression, leukopenia, aplastic anemia, toxic level in newborn ( grey baby syndrome)
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits protein synthesis by reversibly binding to 50S ribosomal subunits
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
liver
Half-life:
1.6-3.3 hours, change with liver (or renal) function.
Elimination:
excreted in urine
Dosage
Children: IV
> 28 days old: 15.5-25 mg/kg IV q6h (max 2-4 g/d)
Adults:
PO: 125-200 mg q12h
Ophthalmic:
Children/adults:
1-2 drops q3-4h for 48 hours then
1-2 drops bid-qid
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
<10: 100 q24h
10-50: 200 q24h
50-80: 200 q24h
Dialysis
Hemo: 125-250 mg
CAPD: 100 mg
Active against most of the vancomycin-resistant enteroccoci
Excellent coverage of both gram-positives and gram-negatives
Active against anaerobes
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Category C
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to chloramphenicol or any component
Use with caution in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function and in neonates
Use with caution in patients with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Can cause reversible or irreversible bone marrow depression, leukopenia, aplastic anemia, toxic level in newborn ( grey baby syndrome)
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits protein synthesis by reversibly binding to 50S ribosomal subunits
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Metabolism:
liver
Half-life:
1.6-3.3 hours, change with liver (or renal) function.
Elimination:
excreted in urine
Dosage
Children: IV
> 28 days old: 15.5-25 mg/kg IV q6h (max 2-4 g/d)
Adults:
PO: 125-200 mg q12h
Ophthalmic:
Children/adults:
1-2 drops q3-4h for 48 hours then
1-2 drops bid-qid
Dosage In Renal Failure
Creatinine clearance (ml/min):
<10: 100 q24h
10-50: 200 q24h
50-80: 200 q24h
Dialysis
Hemo: 125-250 mg
CAPD: 100 mg
CEPHRADINE
Antibacterial activity
Cephalosporins, first generation
Gram-positive cocci (except ORSA/MRSA and enteroccocus species)
Gram negative bacilli ( E. coli, klebsiella, p. mirabillis)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to cephradine, other cephalosporins or any component
Use caution if previous penicillins hypersensitivity: 10% of patient may have cross-hypersensitivity to cephalosporins
Use caution with nursing mothers
Use caution if renal dysfunction or if other nephrotoxic agents present
Use caution if history of ATB related colitis
Safety and efficacy in children <9 month of age have not been established Mechanism of Action Inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal) Pharmacodynamics Metabolism: N/A Half-life: 1-2 hours, changes with renal function Elimination: excreted in urine Dosage Children: (max 4 g/d) > 9 months old:
25-100 mg/kg/day PO div q6-12h
Adults: (max 4 g/day)
Bacterial infections:
250-500 mg PO q6-12h
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
<10: 125 mg PO q6h 10-50: 250 mg PO q6h 50-80: unchanged >80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
Cephalosporins, first generation
Gram-positive cocci (except ORSA/MRSA and enteroccocus species)
Gram negative bacilli ( E. coli, klebsiella, p. mirabillis)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to cephradine, other cephalosporins or any component
Use caution if previous penicillins hypersensitivity: 10% of patient may have cross-hypersensitivity to cephalosporins
Use caution with nursing mothers
Use caution if renal dysfunction or if other nephrotoxic agents present
Use caution if history of ATB related colitis
Safety and efficacy in children <9 month of age have not been established Mechanism of Action Inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal) Pharmacodynamics Metabolism: N/A Half-life: 1-2 hours, changes with renal function Elimination: excreted in urine Dosage Children: (max 4 g/d) > 9 months old:
25-100 mg/kg/day PO div q6-12h
Adults: (max 4 g/day)
Bacterial infections:
250-500 mg PO q6-12h
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
<10: 125 mg PO q6h 10-50: 250 mg PO q6h 50-80: unchanged >80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
CEPHAPIRIN
Antibacterial activity
Cephalosporins, first generation
Gram-positive cocci (except ORSA/MRSA and enteroccocus species)
Gram negative bacilli ( E. coli, klebsiella, p. mirabillis)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to cephapirin, other cephalosporins or any component
Use caution if previous penicillins hypersensitivity: 10% of patient may have cross-hypersensitivity to cephalosporins
Use caution with nursing mothers
Use caution if renal dysfunction or if other nephrotoxic agents present
Use caution if history of ATB related colitis
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal)
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: N/A
Half-life: 0.5-1 hours, changes with renal function
Elimination: excreted in urine
Dosage
Children: (max 4 g/d)
10-20 mg/kg IM/IV q6h
Adults: (max 12 g/day)
Bacterial infections:
500-1000 mg IM/IV q4-6h
Prophylaxis:
1-2 g IM/IV given 30-60 min before surgery then q6h post-op
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
<10: give q12h 10-50:give q6-8h 50-80: unchanged >80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
Cephalosporins, first generation
Gram-positive cocci (except ORSA/MRSA and enteroccocus species)
Gram negative bacilli ( E. coli, klebsiella, p. mirabillis)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to cephapirin, other cephalosporins or any component
Use caution if previous penicillins hypersensitivity: 10% of patient may have cross-hypersensitivity to cephalosporins
Use caution with nursing mothers
Use caution if renal dysfunction or if other nephrotoxic agents present
Use caution if history of ATB related colitis
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal)
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: N/A
Half-life: 0.5-1 hours, changes with renal function
Elimination: excreted in urine
Dosage
Children: (max 4 g/d)
10-20 mg/kg IM/IV q6h
Adults: (max 12 g/day)
Bacterial infections:
500-1000 mg IM/IV q4-6h
Prophylaxis:
1-2 g IM/IV given 30-60 min before surgery then q6h post-op
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
<10: give q12h 10-50:give q6-8h 50-80: unchanged >80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
CEPHALOTHIN
Antibacterial activity
Cephalosporins, first generation
Gram-positive cocci (except ORSA/MRSA and enteroccocus species)
Gram negative bacilli ( E. coli, klebsiella, p. mirabillis)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to cephalothin, other cephalosporins or any component
Use caution if previous penicillins hypersensitivity: 10% of patient may have cross-hypersensitivity to cephalosporins
Use caution with nursing mothers
Use caution if renal dysfunction or if other nephrotoxic agents present
Use caution if history of ATB related colitis
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal)
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: liver and kidney
Half-life: 0.5-1 hours, changes with renal function
Elimination: excreted in urine
Dosage
Children: (max 10 g/d)
Body weight < 2000 g 0-7 days old: 20 mg/kg IM/IVq12h 8-28 days old: 20 mg/kg IM/IV q8h Body weight > 2000 g
0-7 days old: 20 mg/kg IM/IV q8h
8-28 days old: 20 mg/kg IM/IV q6h
> 28 days old: 75-125 mg/kg/day div IM/IV q4-6h
Adults:
Bacterial infections:
500-1000 mg IM/IV q4-6h
Prophylaxis:
1-2 g IM/IV given 30-60 min before surgery then q6h post-op
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
<10: give q12h 10-50:give q6-8h 50-80: unchanged >80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
Cephalosporins, first generation
Gram-positive cocci (except ORSA/MRSA and enteroccocus species)
Gram negative bacilli ( E. coli, klebsiella, p. mirabillis)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to cephalothin, other cephalosporins or any component
Use caution if previous penicillins hypersensitivity: 10% of patient may have cross-hypersensitivity to cephalosporins
Use caution with nursing mothers
Use caution if renal dysfunction or if other nephrotoxic agents present
Use caution if history of ATB related colitis
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal)
Pharmacodynamics
Metabolism: liver and kidney
Half-life: 0.5-1 hours, changes with renal function
Elimination: excreted in urine
Dosage
Children: (max 10 g/d)
Body weight < 2000 g 0-7 days old: 20 mg/kg IM/IVq12h 8-28 days old: 20 mg/kg IM/IV q8h Body weight > 2000 g
0-7 days old: 20 mg/kg IM/IV q8h
8-28 days old: 20 mg/kg IM/IV q6h
> 28 days old: 75-125 mg/kg/day div IM/IV q4-6h
Adults:
Bacterial infections:
500-1000 mg IM/IV q4-6h
Prophylaxis:
1-2 g IM/IV given 30-60 min before surgery then q6h post-op
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
<10: give q12h 10-50:give q6-8h 50-80: unchanged >80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: N/A
CAPD: N/A
CEPHALEXIN
Antibacterial activity
Cephalosporins, first generation
Gram-positive cocci (except ORSA/MRSA and enteroccocus species)
Gram negative bacilli ( E. coli, klebsiella, p. mirabillis)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to cephalexin, other cephalosporins or any component
Use caution if previous penicillins hypersensitivity: 10% of patient may have cross-hypersensitivity to cephalosporins
Use caution if seizure disorder
Use caution with nursing mothers
Use caution if renal dysfunction or if other nephrotoxic agents present
Use caution if history of ATB related colitis
Safety and effectiveness for use in infants <1 month of age have not been established Mechanism of Action Inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal) Pharmacodynamics Metabolism: N/A Half-life: 0.5-1.2 hours, changes with renal function Elimination: excreted in urine Dosage Children: (max 4 g/d) > 28 days old:
25-50 mg/kg/d PO div qid
Adults:
Bacterial infections:
250-1000 mg PO q6h
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
<10: 250 mg PO q12-24h 10-50: 250-500 q8-12h 50-80: unchanged >80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: 0.25-1g PO post dialysis
CAPD: N/A
Cephalosporins, first generation
Gram-positive cocci (except ORSA/MRSA and enteroccocus species)
Gram negative bacilli ( E. coli, klebsiella, p. mirabillis)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
Class B
Contraindication/Precaution
Hypersensitivity to cephalexin, other cephalosporins or any component
Use caution if previous penicillins hypersensitivity: 10% of patient may have cross-hypersensitivity to cephalosporins
Use caution if seizure disorder
Use caution with nursing mothers
Use caution if renal dysfunction or if other nephrotoxic agents present
Use caution if history of ATB related colitis
Safety and effectiveness for use in infants <1 month of age have not been established Mechanism of Action Inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal) Pharmacodynamics Metabolism: N/A Half-life: 0.5-1.2 hours, changes with renal function Elimination: excreted in urine Dosage Children: (max 4 g/d) > 28 days old:
25-50 mg/kg/d PO div qid
Adults:
Bacterial infections:
250-1000 mg PO q6h
Dose VS renal function
Cr. clearance (ml/min):
<10: 250 mg PO q12-24h 10-50: 250-500 q8-12h 50-80: unchanged >80: unchanged
Dialysis
Hemo: 0.25-1g PO post dialysis
CAPD: N/A
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)